Local Knowledge and Innovations in Farmer-Driven Irrigation Systems in Northern Ghana

Abstract

Rainfall patterns in northern Ghana have shown a continuous contraction in the length of the rainy season over the years. Regional climate forecasts project that this trend will become even more pronounced, with climatic conditions expected to grow increasingly unpredictable and erratic. As a result, sustaining agriculture in semi-arid regions is becoming increasingly difficult without the development of irrigation systems. In addressing this challenge, most experts have focused on conventional irrigation technologies, often overlooking the role of local knowledge. This study therefore examines the range of local knowledge and innovations employed in Farmer-Driven Irrigation Systems (FDIS) for sustainable irrigation development. An exploratory sequential mixed-methods design was adopted. Qualitative data were collected through 11 key informant interviews and 5 focus group discussions, while quantitative data were obtained from a survey of 226 irrigators. The findings reveal that smallholder farmers integrate innovative local knowledge systems into FDIS at every stage of the agricultural production value chain. These innovations are diverse and include the application of ash or salt in furrows prior to transplanting to reduce pest and disease infestation, the construction of high-yielding wells, and the use of shallow wells with motorized pumps to improve access to irrigation water. Therefore, local knowledge as applied by irrigators represents a hybrid system that combines modern technologies with indigenous production practices in ways that are both affordable and sustainable for smallholder farmers. The study recommends the implementation of strategic policies that enhance farmers’ sustainable access to water, inputs, and market opportunities, thereby strengthening their efforts to promote sustainable irrigation agriculture.